Last data update: May 13, 2024. (Total: 46773 publications since 2009)
Records 1-30 (of 52 Records) |
Query Trace: MacKenzie W[original query] |
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Correction: The One Health High-Level Expert Panel (OHHLEP)
Mettenleiter TC , Markotter W , Charron DF , Adisasmito WB , Almuhairi S , Behravesh CB , Bilivogui P , Bukachi SA , Casas N , Becerra NC , Chaudhary A , Ciacci Zanella JR , Cunningham AA , Dar O , Debnath N , Dungu B , Farag E , Gao GF , Hayman DTS , Khaitsa M , Koopmans MPG , Machalaba C , Mackenzie JS , Morand S , Smolenskiy V , Zhou L . One Health Outlook 2024 6 (1) 6 |
The One Health High-Level Expert Panel (OHHLEP)
Mettenleiter TC , Markotter W , Charron DF , Adisasmito WB , Almuhairi S , Behravesh CB , Bilivogui P , Bukachi SA , Casas N , Becerra NC , Chaudhary A , Zanella JRC , Cunningham AA , Dar O , Debnath N , Dungu B , Farag E , Gao GF , Hayman DTS , Khaitsa M , Koopmans MPG , Machalaba C , Mackenzie JS , Morand S , Smolenskiy V , Zhou L . One Health Outlook 2023 5 (1) 18 One Health is an integrative and systemic approach to health, based on the understanding that human, animal and ecosystem health are inextricably linked. These interconnections and vulnerabilities were once more clearly demonstrated by the COVID-19 pandemic. This led the heads of the United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO), the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP), the World Health Organization (WHO), and the World Organization for Animal Health (WOAH; founded as OIE), to enhance their science-based cross-sectoral collaboration by creating a multidisciplinary One Health High-Level Expert Panel (OHHLEP) to provide technical and scientific advice on One Health issues. Out of over 700 applications from all over the world, the four international partners FAO, WHO, WOAH and UNEP selected 26 experts from 24 countries as members of the OHHLEP. The multisectoral and transdisciplinary expertise present in OHHLEP members covers a wide range including animal, human and environmental health, biodiversity conservation and social sciences. The panel was conceived following a proposal by the French and German governments at the Paris Peace Forum in November 2020. It drew on the already existing FAO-OIE-WHO Tripartite intersectoral cooperation on One Health issues. In 2021, UNEP joined to form the Tripartite plus UNEP which was formally transformed into the ‘Quadripartite Collaboration for One Health’ in March 2022 and which now acts as the partner for engaging with OHHLEP. This is the first time that a global advisory panel on One Health has been created as a centre for expert advice. |
Developing One Health surveillance systems
Hayman DTS , Adisasmito WB , Almuhairi S , Behravesh CB , Bilivogui P , Bukachi SA , Casas N , Becerra NC , Charron DF , Chaudhary A , Ciacci Zanella JR , Cunningham AA , Dar O , Debnath N , Dungu B , Farag E , Gao GF , Khaitsa M , Machalaba C , Mackenzie JS , Markotter W , Mettenleiter TC , Morand S , Smolenskiy V , Zhou L , Koopmans M . One Health 2023 17 100617 The health of humans, domestic and wild animals, plants, and the environment are inter-dependent. Global anthropogenic change is a key driver of disease emergence and spread and leads to biodiversity loss and ecosystem function degradation, which are themselves drivers of disease emergence. Pathogen spill-over events and subsequent disease outbreaks, including pandemics, in humans, animals and plants may arise when factors driving disease emergence and spread converge. One Health is an integrated approach that aims to sustainably balance and optimize human, animal and ecosystem health. Conventional disease surveillance has been siloed by sectors, with separate systems addressing the health of humans, domestic animals, cultivated plants, wildlife and the environment. One Health surveillance should include integrated surveillance for known and unknown pathogens, but combined with this more traditional disease-based surveillance, it also must include surveillance of drivers of disease emergence to improve prevention and mitigation of spill-over events. Here, we outline such an approach, including the characteristics and components required to overcome barriers and to optimize an integrated One Health surveillance system. © 2023 The Authors |
Recommendations for setting a criterion and assessing commutability of sample materials used in external quality assessment/proficiency testing schemes
Sandberg S , Fauskanger P , Johansen JV , Keller T , Budd J , Greenberg N , Rej R , Panteghini M , Delatour V , Ceriotti F , Deprez L , Camara JE , MacKenzie F , Lyle AN , van der Hagen E , Burns C , Greg Miller W . Clin Chem 2023 69 (11) 1227-1237 It is important for external quality assessment materials (EQAMs) to be commutable with clinical samples; i.e., they should behave like clinical samples when measured using end-user clinical laboratory in vitro diagnostic medical devices (IVD-MDs). Using commutable EQAMs makes it possible to evaluate metrological traceability and/or equivalence of results between IVD-MDs. The criterion for assessing commutability of an EQAM between 2 IVD-MDs is that its result should be within the prediction interval limits based on the statistical distribution of the clinical sample results from the 2 IVD-MDs being compared. The width of the prediction interval is, among other things, dependent on the analytical performance characteristics of the IVD-MDs. A presupposition for using this criterion is that the differences in nonselectivity between the 2 IVD-MDs being compared are acceptable. An acceptable difference in nonselectivity should be small relative to the analytical performance specifications used in the external quality assessment scheme. The acceptable difference in nonselectivity is used to modify the prediction interval criterion for commutability assessment. The present report provides recommendations on how to establish a criterion for acceptable commutability for EQAMS, establish the difference in nonselectivity that can be accepted between IVD-MDs, and perform a commutability assessment. The report also contains examples for performing a commutability assessment of EQAMs. |
Global diversity and antimicrobial resistance of typhoid fever pathogens: Insights from a meta-analysis of 13,000 Salmonella Typhi genomes
Carey ME , Dyson ZA , Ingle DJ , Amir A , Aworh MK , Chattaway MA , Chew KL , Crump JA , Feasey NA , Howden BP , Keddy KH , Maes M , Parry CM , Van Puyvelde S , Webb HE , Afolayan AO , Alexander AP , Anandan S , Andrews JR , Ashton PM , Basnyat B , Bavdekar A , Bogoch II , Clemens JD , da Silva KE , De A , de Ligt J , Diaz Guevara PL , Dolecek C , Dutta S , Ehlers MM , Francois Watkins L , Garrett DO , Godbole G , Gordon MA , Greenhill AR , Griffin C , Gupta M , Hendriksen RS , Heyderman RS , Hooda Y , Hormazabal JC , Ikhimiukor OO , Iqbal J , Jacob JJ , Jenkins C , Jinka DR , John J , Kang G , Kanteh A , Kapil A , Karkey A , Kariuki S , Kingsley RA , Koshy RM , Lauer AC , Levine MM , Lingegowda RK , Luby SP , Mackenzie GA , Mashe T , Msefula C , Mutreja A , Nagaraj G , Nagaraj S , Nair S , Naseri TK , Nimarota-Brown S , Njamkepo E , Okeke IN , Perumal SPB , Pollard AJ , Pragasam AK , Qadri F , Qamar FN , Rahman SIA , Rambocus SD , Rasko DA , Ray P , Robins-Browne R , Rongsen-Chandola T , Rutanga JP , Saha SK , Saha S , Saigal K , Sajib MSI , Seidman JC , Shakya J , Shamanna V , Shastri J , Shrestha R , Sia S , Sikorski MJ , Singh A , Smith AM , Tagg KA , Tamrakar D , Tanmoy AM , Thomas M , Thomas MS , Thomsen R , Thomson NR , Tupua S , Vaidya K , Valcanis M , Veeraraghavan B , Weill FX , Wright J , Dougan G , Argimón S , Keane JA , Aanensen DM , Baker S , Holt KE . Elife 2023 12 BACKGROUND: The Global Typhoid Genomics Consortium was established to bring together the typhoid research community to aggregate and analyse Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi (Typhi) genomic data to inform public health action. This analysis, which marks 22 years since the publication of the first Typhi genome, represents the largest Typhi genome sequence collection to date (n=13,000). METHODS: This is a meta-analysis of global genotype and antimicrobial resistance (AMR) determinants extracted from previously sequenced genome data and analysed using consistent methods implemented in open analysis platforms GenoTyphi and Pathogenwatch. RESULTS: Compared with previous global snapshots, the data highlight that genotype 4.3.1 (H58) has not spread beyond Asia and Eastern/Southern Africa; in other regions, distinct genotypes dominate and have independently evolved AMR. Data gaps remain in many parts of the world, and we show the potential of travel-associated sequences to provide informal 'sentinel' surveillance for such locations. The data indicate that ciprofloxacin non-susceptibility (>1 resistance determinant) is widespread across geographies and genotypes, with high-level ciprofloxacin resistance (≥3 determinants) reaching 20% prevalence in South Asia. Extensively drug-resistant (XDR) typhoid has become dominant in Pakistan (70% in 2020) but has not yet become established elsewhere. Ceftriaxone resistance has emerged in eight non-XDR genotypes, including a ciprofloxacin-resistant lineage (4.3.1.2.1) in India. Azithromycin resistance mutations were detected at low prevalence in South Asia, including in two common ciprofloxacin-resistant genotypes. CONCLUSIONS: The consortium's aim is to encourage continued data sharing and collaboration to monitor the emergence and global spread of AMR Typhi, and to inform decision-making around the introduction of typhoid conjugate vaccines (TCVs) and other prevention and control strategies. FUNDING: No specific funding was awarded for this meta-analysis. Coordinators were supported by fellowships from the European Union (ZAD received funding from the European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under the Marie Sklodowska-Curie grant agreement No 845681), the Wellcome Trust (SB, Wellcome Trust Senior Fellowship), and the National Health and Medical Research Council (DJI is supported by an NHMRC Investigator Grant [GNT1195210]). | Salmonella Typhi (Typhi) is a type of bacteria that causes typhoid fever. More than 110,000 people die from this disease each year, predominantly in areas of sub-Saharan Africa and South Asia with limited access to safe water and sanitation. Clinicians use antibiotics to treat typhoid fever, but scientists worry that the spread of antimicrobial-resistant Typhi could render the drugs ineffective, leading to increased typhoid fever mortality. The World Health Organization has prequalified two vaccines that are highly effective in preventing typhoid fever and may also help limit the emergence and spread of resistant Typhi. In low resource settings, public health officials must make difficult trade-off decisions about which new vaccines to introduce into already crowded immunization schedules. Understanding the local burden of antimicrobial-resistant Typhi and how it is spreading could help inform their actions. The Global Typhoid Genomics Consortium analyzed 13,000 Typhi genomes from 110 countries to provide a global overview of genetic diversity and antimicrobial-resistant patterns. The analysis showed great genetic diversity of the different strains between countries and regions. For example, the H58 Typhi variant, which is often drug-resistant, has spread rapidly through Asia and Eastern and Southern Africa, but is less common in other regions. However, distinct strains of other drug-resistant Typhi have emerged in other parts of the world. Resistance to the antibiotic ciprofloxacin was widespread and accounted for over 85% of cases in South Africa. Around 70% of Typhi from Pakistan were extensively drug-resistant in 2020, but these hard-to-treat variants have not yet become established elsewhere. Variants that are resistant to both ciprofloxacin and ceftriaxone have been identified, and azithromycin resistance has also appeared in several different variants across South Asia. The Consortium’s analyses provide valuable insights into the global distribution and transmission patterns of drug-resistant Typhi. Limited genetic data were available fromseveral regions, but data from travel-associated cases helped fill some regional gaps. These findings may help serve as a starting point for collective sharing and analyses of genetic data to inform local public health action. Funders need to provide ongoing supportto help fill global surveillance data gaps. | eng |
Recommendations for setting a criterion for assessing commutability of secondary calibrator certified reference materials
Miller WG , Keller T , Budd J , Johansen JV , Panteghini M , Greenberg N , Delatour V , Ceriotti F , Deprez L , Rej R , Camara JE , MacKenzie F , Lyle AN , van der Hagen E , Burns C , Fauskanger P , Sandberg S . Clin Chem 2023 69 (9) 966-975 A secondary higher-order calibrator is required to be commutable with clinical samples to be suitable for use in the calibration hierarchy of an end-user clinical laboratory in vitro diagnostic medical device (IVD-MD). Commutability is a property of a reference material that means results for a reference material and for clinical samples have the same numeric relationship, within specified limits, across the measurement procedures for which the reference material is intended to be used. Procedures for assessing commutability have been described in the literature. This report provides recommendations for establishing a quantitative criterion to assess the commutability of a certified reference material (CRM). The criterion is the maximum allowable noncommutability bias (MANCB) that allows a CRM to be used as a calibrator in a calibration hierarchy for an IVD-MD without exceeding the maximum allowable combined standard uncertainty for a clinical sample result (umaxCS). Consequently, the MANCB is derived as a fraction of the umaxCS for the measurand. The suitability of an MANCB for practical use in a commutability assessment is determined by estimating the number of measurements of clinical samples and CRMs required based on the precision performance and nonselectivity for the measurand of the measurement procedures in the assessment. Guidance is also provided for evaluating indeterminate commutability conclusions and how to report results of a commutability assessment. |
Causes of severe pneumonia requiring hospital admission in children without HIV infection from Africa and Asia: the PERCH multi-country case-control study
Pneumonia Etiology Research for Child Health Study Group , O'Brien Katherine L , Levine Orin S , Knoll Maria Deloria , Feikin Daniel R , DeLuca Andrea N , Driscoll Amanda J , Fancourt Nicholas , Fu Wei , Haddix Meredith , Hammitt Laura L , Higdon Melissa M , Kagucia E Wangeci , Karron Ruth A , Li Mengying , Park Daniel E , Prosperi Christine , Shi Qiyuan , Wu Zhenke , Zeger Scott L , Watson Nora L , Crawley Jane , Murdoch David R , Brooks W Abdullah , Endtz Hubert P , Zaman Khalequ , Goswami Doli , Hossain Lokman , Jahan Yasmin , Chisti Mohammod Jobayer , Howie Stephen R C , Ebruke Bernard E , Antonio Martin , McLellan Jessica L , Machuka Eunice M , Shamsul Arifin , Zaman Syed M A , Mackenzie Grant , Scott J Anthony G , Awori Juliet O , Morpeth Susan C , Kamau Alice , Kazungu Sidi , Ominde Micah Silaba , Kotloff Karen L , Tapia Milagritos D , Sow Samba O , Sylla Mamadou , Tamboura Boubou , Onwuchekwa Uma , Kourouma Nana , Toure Aliou , Sissoko Seydou , Madhi Shabir A , Moore David P , Adrian Peter V , Baillie Vicky L , Kuwanda Locadiah , Mudau Azwifarwi , Groome Michelle J , Mahomed Nasreen , Simões Eric A F , Baggett Henry C , Thamthitiwat Somsak , Maloney Susan A , Bunthi Charatdao , Rhodes Julia , Sawatwong Pongpun , Akarasewi Pasakorn , Thea Donald M , Mwananyanda Lawrence , Chipeta James , Seidenberg Phil , Mwansa James , Somwe Somwe Wa , Kwenda Geoffrey , Anderson Trevor P , Mitchell Joanne L . Lancet 2019 394 (10200) 757-779 BACKGROUND: Pneumonia is the leading cause of death among children younger than 5 years. In this study, we estimated causes of pneumonia in young African and Asian children, using novel analytical methods applied to clinical and microbiological findings. METHODS: We did a multi-site, international case-control study in nine study sites in seven countries: Bangladesh, The Gambia, Kenya, Mali, South Africa, Thailand, and Zambia. All sites enrolled in the study for 24 months. Cases were children aged 1-59 months admitted to hospital with severe pneumonia. Controls were age-group-matched children randomly selected from communities surrounding study sites. Nasopharyngeal and oropharyngeal (NP-OP), urine, blood, induced sputum, lung aspirate, pleural fluid, and gastric aspirates were tested with cultures, multiplex PCR, or both. Primary analyses were restricted to cases without HIV infection and with abnormal chest x-rays and to controls without HIV infection. We applied a Bayesian, partial latent class analysis to estimate probabilities of aetiological agents at the individual and population level, incorporating case and control data. FINDINGS: Between Aug 15, 2011, and Jan 30, 2014, we enrolled 4232 cases and 5119 community controls. The primary analysis group was comprised of 1769 (41·8% of 4232) cases without HIV infection and with positive chest x-rays and 5102 (99·7% of 5119) community controls without HIV infection. Wheezing was present in 555 (31·7%) of 1752 cases (range by site 10·6-97·3%). 30-day case-fatality ratio was 6·4% (114 of 1769 cases). Blood cultures were positive in 56 (3·2%) of 1749 cases, and Streptococcus pneumoniae was the most common bacteria isolated (19 [33·9%] of 56). Almost all cases (98·9%) and controls (98·0%) had at least one pathogen detected by PCR in the NP-OP specimen. The detection of respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), parainfluenza virus, human metapneumovirus, influenza virus, S pneumoniae, Haemophilus influenzae type b (Hib), H influenzae non-type b, and Pneumocystis jirovecii in NP-OP specimens was associated with case status. The aetiology analysis estimated that viruses accounted for 61·4% (95% credible interval [CrI] 57·3-65·6) of causes, whereas bacteria accounted for 27·3% (23·3-31·6) and Mycobacterium tuberculosis for 5·9% (3·9-8·3). Viruses were less common (54·5%, 95% CrI 47·4-61·5 vs 68·0%, 62·7-72·7) and bacteria more common (33·7%, 27·2-40·8 vs 22·8%, 18·3-27·6) in very severe pneumonia cases than in severe cases. RSV had the greatest aetiological fraction (31·1%, 95% CrI 28·4-34·2) of all pathogens. Human rhinovirus, human metapneumovirus A or B, human parainfluenza virus, S pneumoniae, M tuberculosis, and H influenzae each accounted for 5% or more of the aetiological distribution. We observed differences in aetiological fraction by age for Bordetella pertussis, parainfluenza types 1 and 3, parechovirus-enterovirus, P jirovecii, RSV, rhinovirus, Staphylococcus aureus, and S pneumoniae, and differences by severity for RSV, S aureus, S pneumoniae, and parainfluenza type 3. The leading ten pathogens of each site accounted for 79% or more of the site's aetiological fraction. INTERPRETATION: In our study, a small set of pathogens accounted for most cases of pneumonia requiring hospital admission. Preventing and treating a subset of pathogens could substantially affect childhood pneumonia outcomes. FUNDING: Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation. |
One Health: A new definition for a sustainable and healthy future.
Adisasmito WB , Almuhairi S , Behravesh CB , Bilivogui P , Bukachi SA , Casas N , Cediel Becerra N , Charron DF , Chaudhary A , Ciacci Zanella JR , Cunningham AA , Dar O , Debnath N , Dungu B , Farag E , Gao GF , Hayman DTS , Khaitsa M , Koopmans MPG , Machalaba C , Mackenzie JS , Markotter W , Mettenleiter TC , Morand S , Smolenskiy V , Zhou L . PLoS Pathog 2022 18 (6) e1010537 The Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) pandemic once more demonstrated the close connection between humans, animals, and the shared environment. Although still under investigation, the closest relatives of this virus exist in animals, and the factors leading to spillover remain to be fully understood. This interconnectedness again highlighted the need for a One Health approach. Although the One Health concept is not new and has been at the forefront of interdisciplinary and multisectoral discussions for years, there is now an increased interest for this approach to be applied and translated into action. Following a proposal made by the French and German Ministers for Foreign Affairs at the November 2020 Paris Peace Forum, 4 global partners, the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO), the World Organization for Animal Health (OIE), the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP), and the World Health Organization (WHO), in May 2021 established the interdisciplinary One Health High-Level Expert Panel (OHHLEP) (https://www.who.int/groups/one-health-high-level-expert-panel) to enhance their cross-sectoral collaboration. The creation of OHHLEP represents a recognition at the highest level of the urgency and complexities surrounding One Health and the intent to take this concept forward into policies and concrete actions. |
Pyrethroid resistance in the New World malaria vector Anopheles albimanus is mediated by cytochrome P450 CYP6P5
Kusimo MO , Mackenzie-Impoinvil L , Ibrahim SS , Muhammad A , Irving H , Hearn J , Lenhart AE , Wondji CS . Pestic Biochem Physiol 2022 183 105061 Pyrethroid resistance in the malaria vector Anopheles albimanus presents an obstacle to malaria elimination in the Americas. Here, An. albimanus CYP6P5 (the most overexpressed P450 in a Peruvian population) was functionally characterized. Recombinant CYP6P5 metabolized the type II pyrethroids, deltamethrin and α-cypermethrin with comparable affinities (K(M) of 3.3 μM ± 0.4 and 3.6 μM ± 0.5, respectively), but exhibited a 2.7-fold higher catalytic rate for α-cypermethrin (k(cat) of 6.02 min(-1) ± 0.2) versus deltamethrin (2.68 min(-1) ± 0.09). Time-course assays revealed progressive depletion of the above pyrethroids with production of four HPLC-detectable metabolites. Low depletion was obtained with type I pyrethroid, permethrin. Transgenic expression in Drosophila melanogaster demonstrated that overexpression of CYP6P5 alone conferred type II pyrethroid resistance, with only 16% and 55.3% mortalities in flies exposed to 0.25% α-cypermethrin and 0.15% deltamethrin, respectively. Synergist bioassays using P450 inhibitor piperonylbutoxide significantly recovered susceptibility (mortality = 73.6%, p < 0.001) in synergized flies exposed to 4% piperonylbutoxide, plus 0.25% α-cypermethrin, compared to non-synergized flies (mortality = 4.9%). Moderate resistance was also observed towards 4% DDT. These findings established the preeminent role of CYP6P5 in metabolic resistance in An. albimanus, highlighting challenges associated with deployment of insecticide-based control tools in the Americas. |
Comparative genomics of disease and carriage serotype 1 pneumococci.
Chaguza C , Ebruke C , Senghore M , Lo SW , Tientcheu PE , Gladstone RA , Tonkin-Hill G , Cornick JE , Yang M , Worwui A , McGee L , Breiman RF , Klugman KP , Kadioglu A , Everett DB , Mackenzie G , Croucher NJ , Roca A , Kwambana-Adams BA , Antonio M , Bentley SD . Genome Biol Evol 2022 14 (4) The isolation of Streptococcus pneumoniae serotypes in systemic tissues of patients with invasive disease versus the nasopharynx of healthy individuals with asymptomatic carriage varies widely. Some serotypes are hyper-invasive, particularly serotype 1, but the underlying genetics remain poorly understood due to the rarity of carriage isolates, reducing the power of comparison with invasive isolates. Here, we use a well-controlled genome-wide association study to search for genetic variation associated with invasiveness of serotype 1 pneumococci from a serotype 1 endemic setting in Africa. We found no consensus evidence that certain genomic variation is overrepresented among isolates from patients with invasive disease than asymptomatic carriage. Overall, the genomic variation explained negligible phenotypic variability, suggesting a minimal effect on the disease status. Furthermore, changes in lineage distribution were seen with lineages replacing each other over time, highlighting the importance of continued pathogen surveillance. Our findings suggest that the hyper-invasiveness is an intrinsic property of the serotype 1 strains, not specific for a "disease-associated" subpopulation disproportionately harbouring unique genomic variation. |
Fitness cost of sequential selection with deltamethrin in Aedes aegypti (Diptera: Culicidae)
Gonzalez-Santillan FJ , Contreras-Perera Y , Davila-Barboza JA , Juache-Villagrana AE , Gutierrez-Rodriguez SM , Ponce-Garcia G , Lopez-Monroy B , Rodriguez-Sanchez IP , Lenhart AE , Mackenzie-Impoinvil L , Flores AE . J Med Entomol 2022 59 (3) 930-939 In Mexico, Aedes aegypti (L.) is the primary dengue vector, chikungunya, and Zika viruses. The continued use of synthetic pyrethroids has led to the development of resistance in target populations, which has diminished the effectiveness of vector control programs. Resistance has been associated with disadvantages that affect the biological parameters of resistant mosquitoes compared to susceptible ones. In the present study, the disadvantages were evaluated by parameters related to survival and reproduction ('fitness cost') after selection with deltamethrin for five generations. The parameters analyzed were the length of the development cycle, sex ratio, survival, longevity, fecundity, egg viability, preoviposition, oviposition and postoviposition periods, and growth parameters. In the deltamethrin-selected strain, there was a decrease in the development cycle duration, the percentage of pupae, the oviposition period, and eggs viability. Although mean daily fecundity was not affected after the selection process, this, together with the decrease in the survival and fecundity levels by specific age, significantly affected the gross reproductive rate (GRR), net reproductive rate (Ro), and intrinsic growth rate (rm) of the group selected for five generations with deltamethrin compared to the group without selection. Identifying the 'cost' of resistance in biological fitness represents an advantage if it is desired to limit the spread of resistant populations since the fitness cost is the less likely that resistant individuals will spread in the population. This represents an important factor to consider in designing integrated vector management programs. |
Investigating flubendazole as an anthelmintic treatment for Guinea worm (Dracunculus medinensis): Clinical trials in laboratory-reared ferrets and domestic dogs in Chad
Cleveland CA , Garrett KB , Box EK , Thompson AT , Haynes EK , Elder DL , Richards RL , Majewska AA , Guagliardo SAJ , Wiegand RE , Bryan Ii JA , Torres-Velez F , Unterwegner K , Romero M , Zirimwabagabo H , Sidouin M , Oaukou PT , Ada MM , Ngandolo BNR , Mackenzie CD , Geary TG , Weiss AJ , Yabsley MJ . Am J Trop Med Hyg 2022 106 (5) 1456-65 Dracunculus medinensis (Guinea worm [GW]), a zoonotic nematode targeted for eradication, has been managed using interventions aimed at humans; however, increases in domestic dog GW infections highlight the need for novel approaches. We conducted two clinical trials evaluating the efficacy of subcutaneously injected flubendazole (FBZ) as a treatment of GW infection. The first trial was conducted administering FBZ to experimentally infected ferrets; the second trial involved administering FBZ or a placebo to domestic dogs in the Republic of Tchad (Chad). We found contrasting results between the two trials. When adult gravid female GW were recovered from ferrets treated with FBZ, larvae presented in poor condition, with low to no motility, and an inability to infect copepods. Histopathology results indicated a disruption to morulae development within uteri of worms from treated animals. Results from the trial in Chadian dogs failed to indicate significant treatment of or prevention against GW infection. However, the difference in treatment intervals (1 month for ferrets and 6 months for dogs) or the timing of treatment (ferrets were treated later in the GW life-cycle than dogs) could explain different responses to the subcutaneous FBZ injections. Both trials provided valuable data guiding the use of FBZ in future trials (such as decreasing treatment intervals or increasing the dose of FBZ in dogs to increase exposure), and highlighted important lessons learned during the implementation of a field-based, double-blinded randomized control trial in Chadian dogs. |
A framework for scabies control
Engelman D , Marks M , Steer AC , Beshah A , Biswas G , Chosidow O , Coffeng LE , Lardizabal Dofitas B , Enbiale W , Fallah M , Gasimov E , Hopkins A , Jacobson J , Kaldor JM , Ly F , Mackenzie CD , McVernon J , Parnaby M , Rainima-Qaniuci M , Sokana O , Sankara D , Yotsu R , Yajima A , Cantey PT . PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2021 15 (9) e0009661 Scabies is a neglected tropical disease (NTD) that causes a significant health burden, particularly in disadvantaged communities and where there is overcrowding. There is emerging evidence that ivermectin-based mass drug administration (MDA) can reduce the prevalence of scabies in some settings, but evidence remains limited, and there are no formal guidelines to inform control efforts. An informal World Health Organization (WHO) consultation was organized to find agreement on strategies for global control. The consultation resulted in a framework for scabies control and recommendations for mapping of disease burden, delivery of interventions, and establishing monitoring and evaluation. Key operational research priorities were identified. This framework will allow countries to set control targets for scabies as part of national NTD strategic plans and develop control strategies using MDA for high-prevalence regions and outbreak situations. As further evidence and experience are collected and strategies are refined over time, formal guidelines can be developed. The control of scabies and the reduction of the health burden of scabies and associated conditions will be vital to achieving the targets set in WHO Roadmap for NTDs for 2021 to 2030 and the Sustainable Development Goals. |
Global Landscape Review of Serotype-Specific Invasive Pneumococcal Disease Surveillance among Countries Using PCV10/13: The Pneumococcal Serotype Replacement and Distribution Estimation (PSERENADE) Project
Deloria Knoll M , Bennett JC , Garcia Quesada M , Kagucia EW , Peterson ME , Feikin DR , Cohen AL , Hetrich MK , Yang Y , Sinkevitch JN , Ampofo K , Aukes L , Bacci S , Bigogo G , Brandileone MC , Bruce MG , Camilli R , Castilla J , Chan G , Chanto Chacón G , Ciruela P , Cook H , Corcoran M , Dagan R , Danis K , de Miguel S , De Wals P , Desmet S , Galloway Y , Georgakopoulou T , Hammitt LL , Hilty M , Ho PL , Jayasinghe S , Kellner JD , Kleynhans J , Knol MJ , Kozakova J , Kristinsson KG , Ladhani SN , Lara CS , León ME , Lepp T , Mackenzie GA , Mad'arová L , McGeer A , Mungun T , Mwenda JM , Nuorti JP , Nzoyikorera N , Oishi K , De Oliveira LH , Paragi M , Pilishvili T , Puentes R , Rafai E , Saha SK , Savrasova L , Savulescu C , Scott JA , Scott KJ , Serhan F , Setchanova LP , Sinkovec Zorko N , Skoczyńska A , Swarthout TD , Valentiner-Branth P , van der Linden M , Vestrheim DF , von Gottberg A , Yildirim I , Hayford K , Pserenade Team . Microorganisms 2021 9 (4) Serotype-specific surveillance for invasive pneumococcal disease (IPD) is essential for assessing the impact of 10- and 13-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccines (PCV10/13). The Pneumococcal Serotype Replacement and Distribution Estimation (PSERENADE) project aimed to evaluate the global evidence to estimate the impact of PCV10/13 by age, product, schedule, and syndrome. Here we systematically characterize and summarize the global landscape of routine serotype-specific IPD surveillance in PCV10/13-using countries and describe the subset that are included in PSERENADE. Of 138 countries using PCV10/13 as of 2018, we identified 109 with IPD surveillance systems, 76 of which met PSERENADE data collection eligibility criteria. PSERENADE received data from most (n = 63, 82.9%), yielding 240,639 post-PCV10/13 introduction IPD cases. Pediatric and adult surveillance was represented from all geographic regions but was limited from lower income and high-burden countries. In PSERENADE, 18 sites evaluated PCV10, 42 PCV13, and 17 both; 17 sites used a 3 + 0 schedule, 38 used 2 + 1, 13 used 3 + 1, and 9 used mixed schedules. With such a sizeable and generally representative dataset, PSERENADE will be able to conduct robust analyses to estimate PCV impact and inform policy at national and global levels regarding adult immunization, schedule, and product choice, including for higher valency PCVs on the horizon. |
Upper Respiratory Tract Co-detection of Human Endemic Coronaviruses and High-density Pneumococcus Associated With Increased Severity Among HIV-Uninfected Children Under 5 Years Old in the PERCH Study.
Park DE , Higdon MM , Prosperi C , Baggett HC , Brooks WA , Feikin DR , Hammitt LL , Howie SRC , Kotloff KL , Levine OS , Madhi SA , Murdoch DR , O'Brien KL , Scott JAG , Thea DM , Antonio M , Awori JO , Baillie VL , Bunthi C , Kwenda G , Mackenzie GA , Moore DP , Morpeth SC , Mwananyanda L , Paveenkittiporn W , Ziaur Rahman M , Rahman M , Rhodes J , Sow SO , Tapia MD , Deloria Knoll M . Pediatr Infect Dis J 2021 40 (6) 503-512 BACKGROUND: Severity of viral respiratory illnesses can be increased with bacterial coinfection and can vary by sex, but influence of coinfection and sex on human endemic coronavirus (CoV) species, which generally cause mild to moderate respiratory illness, is unknown. We evaluated CoV and pneumococcal co-detection by sex in childhood pneumonia. METHODS: In the 2011-2014 Pneumonia Etiology Research for Child Health study, nasopharyngeal and oropharyngeal (NP/OP) swabs and other samples were collected from 3981 children <5 years hospitalized with severe or very severe pneumonia in 7 countries. Severity by NP/OP detection status of CoV (NL63, 229E, OC43 or HKU1) and high-density (≥6.9 log10 copies/mL) pneumococcus (HDSpn) by real-time polymerase chain reaction was assessed by sex using logistic regression adjusted for age and site. RESULTS: There were 43 (1.1%) CoV+/HDSpn+, 247 CoV+/HDSpn-, 449 CoV-/HDSpn+ and 3149 CoV-/HDSpn- cases with no significant difference in co-detection frequency by sex (range 51.2%-64.0% male, P = 0.06). More CoV+/HDSpn+ pneumonia was very severe compared with other groups for both males (13/22, 59.1% versus range 29.1%-34.7%, P = 0.04) and females (10/21, 47.6% versus 32.5%-43.5%, P = 0.009), but only male CoV+/HDSpn+ required supplemental oxygen more frequently (45.0% versus 20.6%-28.6%, P < 0.001) and had higher mortality (35.0% versus 5.3%-7.1%, P = 0.004) than other groups. For females with CoV+/HDSpn+, supplemental oxygen was 25.0% versus 24.8%-33.3% (P = 0.58) and mortality was 10.0% versus 9.2%-12.9% (P = 0.69). CONCLUSIONS: Co-detection of endemic CoV and HDSpn was rare in children hospitalized with pneumonia, but associated with higher severity and mortality in males. Findings may warrant investigation of differences in severity by sex with co-detection of HDSpn and SARS-CoV-2. |
Changes in invasive pneumococcal disease caused by streptococcus pneumoniae serotype 1 following introduction of pcv10 and pcv13: Findings from the PSERENADE project
Bennett JC , Hetrich MK , Quesada MG , Sinkevitch JN , Knoll MD , Feikin DR , Zeger SL , Kagucia EW , Cohen AL , Ampofo K , Brandileone MCC , Bruden D , Camilli R , Castilla J , Chan G , Cook H , Cornick JE , Dagan R , Dalby T , Danis K , de Miguel S , De Wals P , Desmet S , Georgakopoulou T , Gilkison C , Grgic‐vitek M , Hammitt LL , Hilty M , Ho PL , Jayasinghe S , Kellner JD , Kleynhans J , Knol MJ , Kozakova J , Kristinsson KG , Ladhani SN , Macdonald L , Mackenzie GA , Mad’arová L , McGeer A , Mereckiene J , Morfeldt E , Mungun T , Muñoz‐almagro C , Nuorti JP , Paragi M , Pilishvili T , Puentes R , Saha SK , Khan AS , Savrasova L , Scott JA , Skoczyńska A , Suga S , Linden M , Verani JR , von Gottberg A , Winje BA , Yildirim I , Zerouali K , Hayford K , Pserenade Team . Microorganisms 2021 9 (4) Streptococcus pneumoniae serotype 1 (ST1) was an important cause of invasive pneumococ-cal disease (IPD) globally before the introduction of pneumococcal conjugate vaccines (PCVs) con-taining ST1 antigen. The Pneumococcal Serotype Replacement and Distribution Estimation (PSERE‐ NADE) project gathered ST1 IPD surveillance data from sites globally and aimed to estimate PCV10/13 impact on ST1 IPD incidence. We estimated ST1 IPD incidence rate ratios (IRRs) compar-ing the pre‐PCV10/13 period to each post‐PCV10/13 year by site using a Bayesian multi‐level, mixed-effects Poisson regression and all‐site IRRs using a linear mixed‐effects regression (N = 45 sites). Following PCV10/13 introduction, the incidence rate (IR) of ST1 IPD declined among all ages. After six years of PCV10/13 use, the all‐site IRR was 0.05 (95% credibility interval 0.04–0.06) for all ages, 0.05 (0.04–0.05) for <5 years of age, 0.08 (0.06–0.09) for 5–17 years, 0.06 (0.05–0.08) for 18–49 years, 0.06 (0.05–0.07) for 50–64 years, and 0.05 (0.04–0.06) for ≥65 years. PCV10/13 use in infant immunization programs was followed by a 95% reduction in ST1 IPD in all ages after approximately 6 years. Limited data availability from the highest ST1 disease burden countries using a 3+0 schedule constrains generalizability and data from these settings are needed. |
Time from Start of Quarantine to SARS-CoV-2 Positive Test Among Quarantined College and University Athletes - 17 States, June-October 2020.
Atherstone C , Peterson ML , Malone M , Honein MA , MacNeil A , O'Neal CS , Paul S , Harmon KG , Goerl K , Wolfe CR , Casani J , Barrios LC . MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 2021 70 (1) 7-11 To safely resume sports, college and university athletic programs and regional athletic conferences created plans to mitigate transmission of SARS-CoV-2, the virus that causes coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). Mitigation measures included physical distancing, universal masking, and maximizing outdoor activity during training; routine testing; 10-day isolation of persons with COVID-19; and 14-day quarantine of athletes identified as close contacts* of persons with confirmed COVID-19. Regional athletic conferences created testing and quarantine policies based on National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) guidance (1); testing policies varied by conference, school, and sport. To improve compliance with quarantine and reduce the personal and economic burden of quarantine adherence, the quarantine period has been reduced in several countries from 14 days to as few as 5 days with testing (2) or 10 days without testing (3). Data on quarantined athletes participating in NCAA sports were used to characterize COVID-19 exposures and assess the amount of time between quarantine start and first positive SARS-CoV-2 test result. Despite the potential risk for transmission from frequent, close contact associated with athletic activities (4), more athletes reported exposure to COVID-19 at social gatherings (40.7%) and from roommates (31.7%) than they did from exposures associated with athletic activities (12.7%). Among 1,830 quarantined athletes, 458 (25%) received positive reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) test results during the 14-day quarantine, with a mean of 3.8 days from quarantine start (range = 0-14 days) until the positive test result. Among athletes who had not received a positive test result by quarantine day 5, the probability of having a positive test result decreased from 27% after day 5 to <5% after day 10. These findings support new guidance from CDC (5) in which different options are provided to shorten quarantine for persons such as collegiate athletes, especially if doing so will increase compliance, balancing the reduced duration of quarantine against a small but nonzero risk for postquarantine transmission. Improved adherence to mitigation measures (e.g., universal masking, physical distancing, and hand hygiene) at all times could further reduce exposures to SARS-CoV-2 and disruptions to athletic activities because of infections and quarantine (1,6). |
Upper airways colonisation of Streptococcus pneumoniae in adults aged 60 years and older: A systematic review of prevalence and individual participant data meta-analysis of risk factors
Smith EL , Wheeler I , Adler H , Ferreira DM , Sá-Leão R , Abdullahi O , Adetifa I , Becker-Dreps S , Esposito S , Farida H , Kandasamy R , Mackenzie GA , Nuorti JP , Nzenze S , Madhi SA , Ortega O , Roca A , Safari D , Schaumburg F , Usuf E , Sanders EAM , Grant LR , Hammitt LL , O'Brien KL , Gounder P , Bruden DJT , Stanton MC , Rylance J . J Infect 2020 81 (4) 540-548 BACKGROUND: Colonisation with Streptococcus pneumoniae can lead to invasive pneumococcal disease and pneumonia. Pneumococcal acquisition and prevalence of colonisation are high in children. In older adults, a population susceptible to pneumococcal disease, colonisation prevalence is reported to be lower, but studies are heterogeneous. METHODS: This is a systematic review and meta-analysis of prevalence of, and risk factors for, pneumococcal colonisation in adults ≥ 60 years of age (PROSPERO #42016036891). We identified peer-reviewed studies reporting the prevalence of S. pneumoniae colonisation using MEDLINE and EMBASE (until April 2016), excluding studies of acute disease. Participant-level data on risk factors were sought from each study. FINDINGS: Of 2202 studies screened, 29 were analysable: 18 provided participant-level data (representing 6290 participants). Prevalence of detected pneumococcal colonisation was 0-39% by conventional culture methods and 3-23% by molecular methods. In a multivariate analysis, colonisation was higher in persons from nursing facilities compared with the community (odds ratio (OR) 2•30, 95% CI 1•26-4•21 and OR 7•72, 95% CI 1•15-51•85, respectively), in those who were currently smoking (OR 1•69, 95% CI 1•12-2•53) or those who had regular contact with children (OR 1•93, 95%CI 1•27-2•93). Persons living in urban areas had significantly lower carriage prevalence (OR 0•43, 95%CI 0•27-0•70). INTERPRETATION: Overall prevalence of pneumococcal colonisation in older adults was higher than expected but varied by risk factors. Future studies should further explore risk factors for colonisation, to highlight targets for focussed intervention such as pneumococcal vaccination of high-risk groups. FUNDING: No funding was required. |
IFCC Working Group recommendations for correction of bias caused by noncommutability of a certified reference material used in the calibration hierarchy of an end-user measurement procedure
Miller WG , Budd J , Greenberg N , Weykamp C , Althaus H , Schimmel H , Panteghini M , Delatour V , Ceriotti F , Keller T , Hawkins D , Burns C , Rej R , Camara JE , MacKenzie F , van der Hagen E , Vesper H . Clin Chem 2020 66 (6) 769-778 Establishing metrological traceability to an assigned value of a matrix-based certified reference material (CRM) that has been validated to be commutable among available end-user measurement procedures (MPs) is central to producing equivalent results for the measurand in clinical samples (CSs) irrespective of the clinical laboratory MPs used. When a CRM is not commutable with CSs, the bias due to noncommutability will be propagated to the CS results causing incorrect metrological traceability to the CRM and nonequivalent CS results among different MPs. In a commutability assessment, a conclusion that a CRM is commutable or noncommutable for use with a specific MP is made when the difference in bias between the CRM and CSs meets or does not meet a criterion for that specific MP when compared to other MPs. A conclusion regarding commutability or noncommutability requires that the magnitude of the difference in bias observed in the commutability assessment remains unchanged over time. This conclusion requires the CRM to be stable and no substantive changes in the MPs. These conditions should be periodically reverified. If an available CRM is determined to be noncommutable for a specific MP, that CRM can be used in the calibration hierarchy for that MP when an appropriately validated MP-specific correction for the noncommutability bias is included. We describe with examples how a MP-specific correction and its uncertainty can be developed and applied in a calibration hierarchy to achieve metrological traceability of results for CSs to the CRM's assigned value. |
The public health control of scabies: priorities for research and action
Engelman D , Cantey PT , Marks M , Solomon AW , Chang AY , Chosidow O , Enbiale W , Engels D , Hay RJ , Hendrickx D , Hotez PJ , Kaldor JM , Kama M , Mackenzie CD , McCarthy JS , Martin DL , Mengistu B , Maurer T , Negussu N , Romani L , Sokana O , Whitfeld MJ , Fuller LC , Steer AC . Lancet 2019 394 (10192) 81-92 Scabies is a parasitic disease of the skin that disproportionately affects disadvantaged populations. The disease causes considerable morbidity and leads to severe bacterial infection and immune-mediated disease. Scientific advances from the past 5 years suggest that scabies is amenable to population-level control, particularly through mass drug administration. In recognition of these issues, WHO added scabies to the list of neglected tropical diseases in 2017. To develop a global control programme, key operational research questions must now be addressed. Standardised approaches to diagnosis and methods for mapping are required to further understand the burden of disease. The safety of treatments for young children, including with ivermectin and moxidectin, should be investigated. Studies are needed to inform optimum implementation of mass treatment, including the threshold for intervention, target, dosing, and frequency. Frameworks for surveillance, monitoring, and evaluation of control strategies are also necessary. |
Development of molecular assays to detect target-site mechanisms associated with insecticide resistance in malaria vectors from Latin America.
Lol JC , Castaneda D , Mackenzie-Impoinvil L , Romero CG , Lenhart A , Padilla NR . Malar J 2019 18 (1) 202 BACKGROUND: Malaria remains an important public health problem in Latin America, and the development of insecticide resistance in malaria vectors poses a major threat to malaria elimination efforts. Monitoring of insecticide susceptibility and the determination of the mechanisms involved in insecticide resistance are needed to effectively guide the deployment of appropriate vector control measures. Here, molecular assays have been developed to screen for mutations associated with insecticide resistance on the voltage-gated sodium channel (VGSC) and acetylcholinesterase-1 (Ace-1) genes in four malaria vectors from Latin America. METHODS: Degenerate primers were designed to amplify a partial fragment on the VGSC and Ace-1 genes. Wild-caught individuals for Anopheles albimanus (also historical samples and individuals from a laboratory strain), Anopheles darlingi, Anopheles vestitipennis and Anopheles pseudopunctipennis were used to optimize the PCR assays. All samples were sequenced to validate the PCR results and DNA alignments were constructed for each gene using the unique haplotypes observed. RESULTS: Primers designed successfully amplified the VGSC gene in An. albimanus, An. darlingi, An. vestitipennis and An. pseudopunctipennis, and the Ace-1 gene in both An. albimanus and An. darlingi. DNA sequencing revealed that compared with Anopheles gambiae, there were a total of 29, 28, 21 and 24 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) on the VGSC gene for An. albimanus (308 bp), An. darlingi (311 bp), An. pseudopunctipennis (263 bp) and An. vestitipennis (254 bp), respectively. On the 459 bp fragment of the Ace-1 gene, a total of 70 SNPs were detected in An. darlingi and 59 SNPs were detected in An. albimanus compared with An. gambiae. The SNPs detected on the VGSC gene were all synonymous. On the Ace-1 gene, non-synonymous substitutions were identified on three different codons. All species showed the homozygous wild-type kdr allele (coding for leucine) at codon 995 (formerly reported as codon 1014) on the VGSC gene, but one sample was heterozygous at codon 280 (formerly reported as codon 119) on the Ace-1 gene, coding for both the resistant (serine) and susceptible (glycine) amino acids. CONCLUSIONS: New molecular assays to amplify and screen the regions of the VGSC and Ace-1 genes associated with insecticide resistance are reported for An. albimanus, An. darlingi, An. vestitipennis, and An. pseudopunctipennis. The development of these PCR assays presents an important advance in the analysis of target-site resistance in malaria vectors in the Americas, and will further facilitate the characterization of insecticide resistance mechanisms in these species. |
Contrasting patterns of gene expression indicate differing pyrethroid resistance mechanisms across the range of the New World malaria vector Anopheles albimanus.
Mackenzie-Impoinvil L , Weedall GD , Lol JC , Pinto J , Vizcaino L , Dzuris N , Riveron J , Padilla N , Wondji C , Lenhart A . PLoS One 2019 14 (1) e0210586 Decades of unmanaged insecticide use and routine exposure to agrochemicals have left many populations of malaria vectors in the Americas resistant to multiple classes of insecticides, including pyrethroids. The molecular basis of pyrethroid resistance is relatively uncharacterised in American malaria vectors, preventing the design of suitable resistance management strategies. Using whole transcriptome sequencing, we characterized the mechanisms of pyrethroid resistance in Anopheles albimanus from Peru and Guatemala. An. albimanus were phenotyped as either deltamethrin or alpha-cypermethrin resistant. RNA from 1) resistant, 2) unexposed, and 3) a susceptible laboratory strain of An. albimanus was sequenced and analyzed using RNA-Seq. Expression profiles of the three groups were compared based on the current annotation of the An. albimanus reference genome. Several candidate genes associated with pyrethroid resistance in other malaria vectors were found to be overexpressed in resistant An. albimanus. In addition, gene ontology terms related to serine-type endopeptidase activity, extracellular activity and chitin metabolic process were also commonly overexpressed in the field caught resistant and unexposed samples from both Peru and Guatemala when compared to the susceptible strain. The cytochrome P450 CYP9K1 was overexpressed 14x in deltamethrin and 8x in alpha-cypermethrin-resistant samples from Peru and 2x in deltamethrin-resistant samples from Guatemala, relative to the susceptible laboratory strain. CYP6P5 was overexpressed 68x in deltamethrin-resistant samples from Peru but not in deltamethrin-resistant samples from Guatemala. When comparing overexpressed genes between deltamethrin-resistant and alpha-cypermethrin-resistant samples from Peru, a single P450 gene, CYP4C26, was overexpressed 9.8x (p<0.05) in alpha-cypermethrin-resistant samples. In Peruvian deltamethrin-resistant samples, the knockdown resistance mutation (kdr) variant alleles at position 1014 were rare, with approximately 5% frequency, but in the alpha-cypermethrin-resistant samples, the frequency of these alleles was approximately 15-30%. Functional validation of the candidate genes and the kdr mutation as a resistance marker for alpha-cypermethrin will confirm the role of these mechanisms in conferring pyrethroid resistance. |
The phylogeography and incidence of multi-drug resistant typhoid fever in sub-Saharan Africa.
Park SE , Pham DT , Boinett C , Wong VK , Pak GD , Panzner U , Espinoza LMC , von Kalckreuth V , Im J , Schutt-Gerowitt H , Crump JA , Breiman RF , Adu-Sarkodie Y , Owusu-Dabo E , Rakotozandrindrainy R , Soura AB , Aseffa A , Gasmelseed N , Keddy KH , May J , Sow AG , Aaby P , Biggs HM , Hertz JT , Montgomery JM , Cosmas L , Fields B , Sarpong N , Razafindrabe TJL , Raminosoa TM , Kabore LP , Sampo E , Teferi M , Yeshitela B , El Tayeb MA , Sooka A , Meyer CG , Krumkamp R , Dekker DM , Jaeger A , Poppert S , Tall A , Niang A , Bjerregaard-Andersen M , Valborg Løfberg S , Seo HJ , Jeon HJ , Deerin JF , Park J , Konings F , Ali M , Clemens JD , Hughes P , Sendagala JN , Vudriko T , Downing R , Ikumapayi UN , Mackenzie GA , Obaro S , Argimon S , Aanensen DM , Page A , Keane JA , Duchene S , Dyson Z , Holt KE , Dougan G , Marks F , Baker S . Nat Commun 2018 9 (1) 5094 There is paucity of data regarding the geographical distribution, incidence, and phylogenetics of multi-drug resistant (MDR) Salmonella Typhi in sub-Saharan Africa. Here we present a phylogenetic reconstruction of whole genome sequenced 249 contemporaneous S. Typhi isolated between 2008-2015 in 11 sub-Saharan African countries, in context of the 2,057 global S. Typhi genomic framework. Despite the broad genetic diversity, the majority of organisms (225/249; 90%) belong to only three genotypes, 4.3.1 (H58) (99/249; 40%), 3.1.1 (97/249; 39%), and 2.3.2 (29/249; 12%). Genotypes 4.3.1 and 3.1.1 are confined within East and West Africa, respectively. MDR phenotype is found in over 50% of organisms restricted within these dominant genotypes. High incidences of MDR S. Typhi are calculated in locations with a high burden of typhoid, specifically in children aged <15 years. Antimicrobial stewardship, MDR surveillance, and the introduction of typhoid conjugate vaccines will be critical for the control of MDR typhoid in Africa. |
Salmonella enterica Serotype Javiana Infections Linked to a Seafood Restaurant in Maricopa County, Arizona, 2016.
Venkat H , Matthews J , Lumadao P , Caballero B , Collins J , Fowle N , Kellis M , Tewell M , White S , Hassan R , Classon A , Joung Y , Komatsu K , Weiss J , Zusy S , Sunenshine R . J Food Prot 2018 81 (8) 1283-1292 On 10 August 2016, the Maricopa County Department of Public Health identified culture-confirmed Salmonella enterica serotype Javiana isolates from two persons who reported eating at a seafood restaurant; seven additional cases were reported by 15 August. We investigated to identify a source and prevent further illness. We interviewed persons with laboratory-reported Salmonella Javiana infection. Pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) and whole genome sequencing of isolates were performed. A case was defined as diarrheal illness in a person during July to September 2016; confirmed cases had Salmonella Javiana isolate yielding outbreak-related PFGE patterns; probable cases had diarrheal illness and an epidemiologic link to a confirmed case. Case finding was performed (passive surveillance and identification of ill meal companions). A case-control study assessed risk factors for Salmonella Javiana infection among restaurant diners; control subjects were chosen among meal companions. No restaurant workers reported illness. Foods were reportedly cooked according to the Food Code. Food and environmental samples were collected and cultured; Salmonella Javiana with an indistinguishable PFGE pattern was isolated from portioned repackaged raw shrimp, halibut, and a freezer door handle. We identified 50 Salmonella Javiana cases (40 confirmed and 10 probable); illness onset range was from 22 July to 17 September 2016. Isolates from 40 patients had highly related PFGE patterns. Thirty-three (73%) of 45 patients interviewed reported eating at the restaurant. Among 21 case patients and 31 control subjects, unfried cooked shrimp was associated with illness (odds ratio, 6.7; 95% confidence interval, 1.8 to 24.9; P = 0.004). Among restaurant diners, laboratory and case-control evidence indicated shrimp as the possible outbreak source; poor thermal inactivation of Salmonella on shrimp is theorized as a possible cause. Cross-contamination might have prolonged this outbreak; however, the source was not identified and highlights limitations that can arise during these types of investigations. |
Evaluation of modified two-tiered testing algorithms for Lyme disease laboratory diagnosis using well-characterized serum samples
Pegalajar-Jurado A , Schriefer ME , Welch RJ , Couturier MR , MacKenzie T , Clark RJ , Ashton LV , Delorey MJ , Molins CR . J Clin Microbiol 2018 56 (8) Standard two-tiered testing (STTT) is the recommended algorithm for laboratory diagnosis of Lyme disease (LD). Several limitations are associated with STTT that include low sensitivity in the early stages of disease, as well as technical complexity and subjectivity associated with second-tier immunoblots; therefore, modified two-tiered testing (MTTT) algorithms that utilize two sequential first-tier tests and eliminate immunoblots have been evaluated. Recently, a novel MTTT that uses a VlsE chemiluminescence immunoassay followed by a C6 enzyme immunoassay has been proposed. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the performance of the VlsE/C6 MTTT using well-characterized serum samples. Serum samples from the CDC Lyme Serum Repository were tested using three MTTTs: VlsE/C6, whole cell sonicate (WCS)/C6 and WCS/VlsE, and three STTTs (immunoblots preceded by three different first-tier assays: VlsE, C6 and WCS). Significant differences were not observed between the MTTTs assessed; however, the VlsE/C6 MTTT resulted in the highest specificity (100%) when other diseases were tested and the lowest sensitivity (75%) for LD samples as compared to the other MTTTs evaluated. Significant differences were present between various MTTTs and STTTs evaluated. Specifically, all MTTTs resulted in higher sensitivities for all LD groups combined when compared to the STTTs and were significantly more accurate (i.e. higher proportion of correct classifications) for this group with the exception of the WCS/ViraStripe STTT. Additionally, when other diseases were tested, only the VlsE/C6 MTTT differed significantly from the WCS/ViraStripe STTT with the VlsE/C6 MTTT resulting in a 6.2% higher accuracy. Overall, the VlsE/C6 MTTT offers an additional laboratory testing algorithm for LD with equivalent or enhanced performance to the other MTTTs and STTTs evaluated in this study. |
Protracted Outbreak of Salmonella Newport Infections Linked to Ground Beef: Possible Role of Dairy Cows - 21 States, 2016-2017.
Marshall KEH , Tewell M , Tecle S , Leeper M , Sinatra J , Kissler B , Fung A , Brown K , Wagner D , Trees E , Hise KB , Chaturvedi V , Schlater LK , Morningstar-Shaw BR , Whitlock L , Holt K , Becker K , Nichols M , Williams IT , Jhung M , Wise ME , Gieraltowski L . MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 2018 67 (15) 443-446 In January 2017, CDC identified a cluster of Salmonella enterica serotype Newport infections with isolates sharing an indistinguishable pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) pattern, JJPX01.0010 (pattern 10), through PulseNet, the national molecular subtyping network for foodborne disease surveillance. This report summarizes the investigation by CDC, state and local health and agriculture departments, and the U.S. Department of Agriculture's Food Safety and Inspection Service (USDA-FSIS) and discusses the possible role of dairy cows as a reservoir for strains of Salmonella that persistently cause human illness. This investigation combined epidemiologic and whole genome sequencing (WGS) data to link the outbreak to contaminated ground beef; dairy cows were hypothesized to be the ultimate source of Salmonella contamination. |
IFCC Working Group Recommendations for Assessing Commutability Part 1: General experimental design
Miller WG , Schimmel H , Rej R , Greenberg N , Ceriotti F , Burns C , Budd JR , Weykamp C , Delatour V , Nilsson G , MacKenzie F , Panteghini M , Keller T , Camara JE , Zegers I , Vesper HW . Clin Chem 2018 64 (3) 447-454 Commutability is a property of a reference material (RM) that relates to the closeness of agreement between results for an RM and results for clinical samples (CSs) when measured by >/=2 measurement procedures (MPs). Commutability of RMs used in a calibration traceability scheme is an essential property for them to be fit for purpose. Similarly, commutability of trueness controls or external quality assessment samples is essential when those materials are used to assess trueness of results for CSs. This report is part 1 of a 3-part series describing how to assess commutability of RMs. Part 1 defines commutability and addresses critical components of the experimental design for commutability assessment, including selection of individual CSs, use of pooled CSs, qualification of MPs for inclusion, establishing criteria for the determination that an RM is commutable, generalization of commutability conclusions to future measurements made with the MPs included in the assessment, and information regarding commutability to be included in the certificate for an RM. Parts 2 and 3 in the series present 2 different statistical approaches to commutability assessment that use fixed criteria related to the medical decisions that will be made using the laboratory test results. |
IFCC Working Group Recommendations for Assessing Commutability Part 2: Using the difference in bias between a reference material and clinical samples
Nilsson G , Budd JR , Greenberg N , Delatour V , Rej R , Panteghini M , Ceriotti F , Schimmel H , Weykamp C , Keller T , Camara JE , Burns C , Vesper HW , MacKenzie F , Miller WG . Clin Chem 2018 64 (3) 455-464 A process is described to assess the commutability of a reference material (RM) intended for use as a calibrator, trueness control, or external quality assessment sample based on the difference in bias between an RM and clinical samples (CSs) measured using 2 different measurement procedures (MPs). This difference in bias is compared with a criterion based on a medically relevant difference between an RM and CS results to make a conclusion regarding commutability. When >2 MPs are included, the commutability is assessed pairwise for all combinations of 2 MPs. This approach allows the same criterion to be used for all combinations of MPs included in the assessment. The assessment is based on an error model that allows estimation of various random and systematic sources of error, including those from sample-specific effects of interfering substances. An advantage of this approach is that the difference in bias between an RM and the average bias of CSs at the concentration (i.e., amount of substance present or quantity value) of the RM is determined and its uncertainty estimated. An RM is considered fit for purpose for those MPs for which commutability is demonstrated. |
IFCC Working Group Recommendations for Assessing Commutability Part 3: Using the calibration effectiveness of a reference material
Budd JR , Weykamp C , Rej R , MacKenzie F , Ceriotti F , Greenberg N , Camara JE , Schimmel H , Vesper HW , Keller T , Delatour V , Panteghini M , Burns C , Miller WG . Clin Chem 2018 64 (3) 465-474 A process is described to assess the commutability of a reference material (RM) intended for use as a calibrator based on its ability to fulfill its intended use in a calibration traceability scheme to produce equivalent clinical sample (CS) results among different measurement procedures (MPs) for the same measurand. Three sources of systematic error are elucidated in the context of creating the calibration model for translating MP signals to measurand amounts: calibration fit, calibrator level trueness, and commutability. An example set of 40 CS results from 7 MPs is used to illustrate estimation of bias and variability for each MP. The candidate RM is then used to recalibrate each MP, and its effectiveness in reducing the systematic error among the MPs within an acceptable level of equivalence based on medical requirements confirms its commutability for those MPs. The RM is declared noncommutable for MPs for which, after recalibration, the CS results do not agree with those from other MPs. When a lack of agreement is found, other potential causes, including lack of calibration fit, should be investigated before concluding the RM is noncommutable. The RM is considered fit for purpose for those MPs where commutability is demonstrated. |
The Public Health Community Platform, electronic case reporting, and the digital bridge
Cooney MA , Iademarco MF , Huang M , MacKenzie WR , Davidson AJ . J Public Health Manag Pract 2018 24 (2) 185-189 At the intersection of new technology advancements, ever-changing health policy, and fiscal constraints, public health agencies seek to leverage modern technical innovations and benefit from a more comprehensive and cooperative approach to transforming public health, health care, and other data into action. State health agencies recognized a way to advance population health was to integrate public health with clinical health data through electronic infectious disease case reporting. The Public Health Community Platform (PHCP) concept of bidirectional data flow and knowledge management became the foundation to build a cloud-based system connecting electronic health records to public health data for a select initial set of notifiable conditions. With challenges faced and lessons learned, significant progress was made and the PHCP grew into the Digital Bridge, a national governance model for systems change, bringing together software vendors, public health, and health care. As the model and technology advance together, opportunities to advance future connectivity solutions for both health care and public health will emerge. |
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